Vikings - Wikipedia. Exploration and expansion routes. Vikings (Old English: wicing—. This period of Nordic military, mercantile and demographic expansion constitutes an important element in the early medieval history of Scandinavia, Estonia, the British Isles, France, Kievan Rus' and Sicily. Following extended phases of (primarily sea- or river- borne) exploration, expansion and settlement, Viking (Norse) communities and polities were established in diverse areas of north- western Europe, European Russia, the North Atlantic islands and as far as the north- eastern coast of North America. This period of expansion witnessed the wider dissemination of Norse culture, while simultaneously introducing strong foreign cultural influences into Scandinavia itself, with profound developmental implications in both directions. Popular, modern conceptions of the Vikings—the term frequently applied casually to their modern descendants and the inhabitants of modern Scandinavia—often strongly differ from the complex picture that emerges from archaeology and historical sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as noble savages began to emerge in the 1. Viking revival. Current popular representations of the Vikings are typically based on cultural clich. These representations are not always accurate - for example, there is no evidence that they wore horned helmets. Etymology. One etymology derives v. According to this theory, the word simply described persons from this area, and it is only in the last few centuries that it has taken on the broader sense of early medieval Scandinavians in general. However, there are a few major problems with this theory. People from the Viken area were not called 'Viking' in Old Norse manuscripts, but are referred to as v. This page hosts a gallery of AMDOs past and present. If you have any "interesting" photos of your fellow AMDOs, please e-mail them in. We especially like group shots.In addition, that explanation could only explain the masculine (Old Scandinavianv. There is little indication of any negative connotation in the term before the end of the Viking Age. Another etymology (supported by, among others, the recognised etymologist Anatoly Liberman. This is found in the Proto- Nordic verb *wikan, . Philip (image at left) is of particular interest, (wife Sophia Lundy Laing). He is variously described as a yeoman farmer and ship-owner. He was, I read, in fact. Tabtight professional, free when you need it, VPN service. The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England Trading into Hudson's Bay was incorporated on, with a royal charter from King Charles II. The charter. The Old Norse feminine v. In that case, the word Viking was not originally connected to Scandinavian seafarers but assumed this meaning when the Scandinavians begun to dominate the seas. In Old English, and in the history of the archbishops of Hamburg- Bremen written by Adam of Bremen in about 1. Scandinavian pirates or raiders. As in the Old Norse usages, the term is not employed as a name for any people or culture in general. The word does not occur in any preserved Middle English texts. One theory made by the Icelander . The word Viking was introduced into Modern English during the 1. Viking revival, at which point it acquired romanticised heroic overtones of . During the 2. 0th century, the meaning of the term was expanded to refer not only to seaborne raiders from Scandinavia and other places settled by them (like Iceland and the Faroe Islands), but secondarily to any member of the culture that produced said raiders during the period from the late 8th to the mid- 1. As an adjective, the word is used to refer to ideas, phenomena, or artefacts connected with those people and their cultural life, producing expressions like Viking age, Viking culture, Viking art, Viking religion, Viking ship and so on. Roslagen is located along the coast of the northern tip of the pink area marked . Some archaeologists and historians of today believe that these Scandinavian settlements in the Slavic lands played a significant role in the formation of the Kievan Rus' federation, and hence the names and early states of Russia and Belarus. Scandinavian bodyguards of the Byzantine emperors were known as the Varangian Guard. The Franks normally called them Northmen or Danes, while for the English they were generally known as Danes or heathen and the Irish knew them as pagans or gentiles. It is used in distinction from Anglo- Saxon. Similar terms exist for other areas, such as Hiberno- Norse for Ireland and Scotland. History. Viking Age. The period from the earliest recorded raids in the 7. ![]() Norman conquest of England in 1. Viking Age of Scandinavian history. The Normans were descended from Vikings who were given feudal overlordship of areas in northern France—the Duchy of Normandy—in the 1. In that respect, descendants of the Vikings continued to have an influence in northern Europe. Likewise, King Harold Godwinson, the last Anglo- Saxon king of England, had Danish ancestors. D'Abbadie, Arnauld. See: Abbadie, Arnauld d', 1815-1894? Dabney, Robert Lewis, 1820-1898 ¶ A Defence of Virginia And Through Her, of the South, in Recent and Pending. Two Vikings even ascended to the throne of England, with Sweyn Forkbeard claiming the English throne from 1. Cnut the Great becoming king of England from 1. The Greenland settlement eventually died out, possibly due to climate change. Traditionally containing large numbers of Scandinavians, it was known as the Varangian Guard. The word Varangian may have originated in Old Norse, but in Slavic and Greek it could refer either to Scandinavians or Franks. The most eminent Scandinavian to serve in the Varangian Guard was Harald Hardrada, who subsequently established himself as king of Norway (1. There is archaeological evidence that Vikings reached Baghdad, the centre of the Islamic Empire. Important trading ports during the period include Birka, Hedeby, Kaupang, Jorvik, Staraya Ladoga, Novgorod, and Kiev. Generally speaking, the Norwegians expanded to the north and west to places such as Ireland, Scotland, Iceland, and Greenland; the Danes to England and France, settling in the Danelaw (northern/eastern England) and Normandy; and the Swedes to the east, founding Kievan Rus'. Among the Swedish runestones mentioning expeditions overseas, almost half tell of raids and travels to western Europe. According to the Icelandic sagas, many Norwegian Vikings also went to eastern Europe. In the Viking Age, the present day nations of Norway, Sweden and Denmark did not exist, but were largely homogeneous and similar in culture and language, although somewhat distinct geographically. The names of Scandinavian kings are reliably known only for the later part of the Viking Age. After the end of the Viking Age the separate kingdoms gradually acquired distinct identities as nations, which went hand- in- hand with their Christianisation. Thus the end of the Viking Age for the Scandinavians also marks the start of their relatively brief Middle Ages. Viking expansion. The Viking experience throughout the north Atlantic was mainly about settlement with Iceland quickly becoming its most important colony. It is believed Iceland was colonised circa 8. Landnamark not recorded until 1. It wasn't until later in their history that they began to settle in other lands. This expansion occurred during the Medieval Warm Period. Their realm was bordered by powerful cultures to the south. Early on it was the Saxons, who occupied Old Saxony, located in what is now Northern Germany. The Saxons were a fierce and powerful people and were often in conflict with the Vikings. To counter the Saxon aggression and solidify their own presence, the Danes constructed the huge defence fortification of Danevirke in and around Hedeby. The Saxon defeat resulted in their forced christening and the absorption of Old Saxony into the Carolingian Empire. Fear of the Franks led the Vikings to further expand Danevirke, and the defence constructions remained in use throughout the Viking Age and even up until 1. The Vikings—led by King Gudfred—destroyed the Obotrite city of Reric on the southern Baltic coast in 8. AD and transferred the merchants and traders to Hedeby. One common theory posits that Charlemagne . England suffered from internal divisions and was relatively easy prey given the proximity of many towns to the sea or to navigable rivers. Lack of organised naval opposition throughout Western Europe allowed Viking ships to travel freely, raiding or trading as opportunity permitted. The decline in the profitability of old trade routes could also have played a role.
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Ever notice how Christopher Nolan’s movies (Interstellar, Inception, The Prestige) feel like an anxiety attack? Well, maybe that’s overstating things a bit. But the director does have a knack for creating an unnerving degree of tension. Turns out he’s using a little bit of musical magic to do it. The magic is actually a science- based audio illusion called a Shepard tone. Named after psychologist Roger Shepard, a pioneer in our understanding of spatial relation, the effect sounds like an infinitely ascending or descending scale. The tones are constantly moving upwards or downwards, but they never seem to reach a pinnacle or nadir. Experience one of the widest and most spacious seats onboard one of the youngest fleets.![]() This is accomplished by stacking scales on top of each other—typically one treble scale, one midrange, and one bass—with an octave in between, then playing them in a continuous loop. A Shepard tone is sometimes referred to as the barber pole of sound. You can even see the similarity, when you hear it and look at the spectrum view of a Shepard tone. Don’t listen to this too long, or you might lose your mind: Anyways, Christopher Nolan just loves this. What’s the difference between an interface and an abstract class in Java? It’s best to start answering this question with a brief definition of abstract classes. Like boxed wine, canned wine is looked down upon by wine snobs, but that shouldn’t stop us regular folks from enjoying it. Canned wine is actually a much more. With longtime collaborator Hans Zimmer, the acclaimed director has used a Shepard tone in almost every one of his films in the last decade. He even writes his scripts to match the effect. In a recent interview, Nolan explained how he used Shepard tones in his newest film, Dunkirk: The screenplay had been written according to musical principals. There’s an audio illusion, if you will, in music called a “Shepard tone” and with my composer David Julyan on “The Prestige” we explored that and based a lot of the score around that. And it’s an illusion where there’s a continuing ascension of tone. It’s a corkscrew effect. It’s always going up and up and up but it never goes outside of its range. And I wrote the script according to that principle. I interwove the three timelines in such a way that there’s a continual feeling of intensity. Increasing intensity. So I wanted to build the music on similar mathematical principals. Knowing this, you gain a deeper understanding of films like Interstellar, Inception, and The Prestige. It also explains why these films seem somehow inconclusive. A Shepard’s tone creates a conflict that can’t be resolved, just like Nolan’s plots. Immediately Stop Using Off- the- Shelf DJI Drones, Especially on the Battlefield. The US Army has ordered all service members to immediately cease using drones manufactured by Chinese tech company DJI, hinting the company’s products could be easily compromised by third parties. An Army memo obtained by Small UAS News noted DJI drones “are the most widely used non- program of record commercial off- the- shelf” unmanned aerial vehicles in the service’s use, but cited a classified Army Research Laboratory report from May 2. DJI products.”The memo ordered Army staff to immediately “cease all use, uninstall all DJI applications, remove all batteries/storage media from devices, and secure equipment for follow on direction.”The US military uses drones for a wide array of purposes including reconnaissance, engineering support, communications, fire support and of course blowing up people. Small drones like those manufactured by DJI have already found widespread use in war- torn places like Iraq, where their tiny size and ability to transmit high- quality video has made them invaluable scouting tools. As Ars Technica noted, the unspecified “operational risks” Army researchers determined DJI products pose in the field may include the harvesting of sensitive data like geolocation information, though the manufacturer claims not to gather any such data without the permission of the customer. Another possibility is that those vulnerabilities include methods to remotely access DJI drones, gaining access to geolocation or video data, or possibly even hijacking the devices entirely. It could even be as simple as a risk of the drones being remotely detected, which could alert enemy defenders to US raids or advances. DJI Public Relations Manager Michael Perry told Small UAS News, “We’ll be reaching out to the US Army to confirm the memo and to understand what is specifically meant by . Terror group ISIS has begun to use unmanned aerial vehicles of both homebrew and industrial design in the past few years, in some cases using them to drop grenades, rockets and mortars on soldiers. Earlier this year, DJI put vast stretches of Iraq and Syria on its no- fly list, preventing its drones from being flown there, though the restrictions could be easily bypassed by anyone with even a pinch of technical know- how. |
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